Employers have a duty of care to protect the health, safety, and welfare of employees, so it is vitally important to keep workers’ occupational exposure to harmful gases within permissible limits. For businesses that handle hazardous vapors, failure to comply with this duty can have disastrous consequences, therefore it is extremely important to deploy trustworthy sensing technology.

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) help their customers lower risk, and as such, cannot utilize unproven or low-cost sensors that could increase risk. For this reason, ION Science’s mission is to provide highly accurate sensors that are reliable. 

Risks from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOCs exist widely in almost every industry as key components of fuels, petrochemicals, solvents, paints, adhesives, cleaners, etc. Most VOCs are flammable and potentially explosive, as well as harmful to health and the environment. VOCs are organic compounds that evaporate under normal conditions. Some are harmful to the skin or eyes, and can be absorbed, but their volatility means that VOCs can be inhaled, and may cause a wide variety of negative health effects ranging from minor irritation to cancer, and even death.

Generally speaking, high concentrations (% levels) are necessary for combustion or explosion risk; low concentrations (ppm) can represent a toxic risk from short-term exposure, and trace levels (ppb) can cause long-term toxic effects. 

In addition to the potentially lethal effects of inadequate industrial health and safety, organizations that fail in their duty also risk huge financial losses from prosecutions, fines, and critical damage to their brands. Investments in health and safety monitoring, and personal protective equipment, such as reliable gas detectors, are therefore negligible in comparison with the consequences of failure.

Workplace risk assessments should identify the presence of potential VOC sources and enable the implementation of appropriate measures to mitigate the risks. Personal, wearable VOC detectors help protect staff that have been identified as being at the greatest risk, and routine inspections with portable VOC detectors help to identify fugitive emissions from leaks or spills from equipment, tanks, pipes, seals, valves, etc. In addition, fixed VOC monitors continuously monitor workspaces to check that levels do not approach or exceed exposure limits; raising alarms if they do.

Why Monitor?

Accurate, reliable measurements are necessary for the rapid detection of risks to plant and workforces. Monitoring also informs the development of mitigation measures, and allows operators to check the performance of such measures, and to demonstrate compliance with workplace exposure regulations.

The minimum concentration of a combustible VOC necessary to support its combustion in air is defined as the lower explosive limit (LEL). Toxic VOC concentrations are orders of magnitude lower than explosive limits, so it is vitally important for detection equipment to offer a wide range with sufficient sensitivity to measure trace toxic gases. 

The health effects of exposure to VOCs depend on the concentration, the length of exposure, and the VOCs present. Workplace exposure limits (WEL) therefore exist for each VOC with short-term exposure limits (STEL) typically applying to the maximum concentration over a 15-minute period, and time-weighted average levels (TWA) typically calculated over an 8-hour period.

Choosing the Right VOC Sensor Technology

Gas detection equipment manufacturers have three main options for the measurement of VOCs. These are electrochemical (EC) sensors, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors, and photoionization detection (PID) sensors. 

EC sensors are low cost, but they only respond to VOCs that are electroactive; they require electronic optimization for target VOCs, have a slow response time (minutes) and are cross sensitive to other gases commonly found in the workplace.

MOS sensors are also low cost but suffer from baseline drift and humidity sensitivity. Their response is nonlinear, and they also suffer from cross sensitivity to other gases commonly found in the workplace.

PIDs are the most in demand and appropriate sensors for the measurement of VOCs for health and safety applications. This is because of their fast response (1-3 seconds), and because they are the most selective technique to VOCs. In addition, with a choice of PID lamps it is possible to optimize the sensor for different applications, and known response factors enable quantitative analysis of specific VOCs.

For most PID sensor manufacturers, sensitivity to contamination and humidity is a major challenge, but these issues have been resolved within ION’s MiniPID sensor range. All MiniPID sensors have a patented design with a third electrode that nullifies potential humidity interference, delivering a stable signal from 0-99% RH.

The sensitivity of PID sensors is extremely important in many applications; particularly where the sensors are deployed in the measurement of trace VOCs. Recognizing the importance of this feature, ION’s MiniPID range includes the most sensitive PID in the world.

Reliability is a critically important feature of sensors that lower health and safety risks. Uniquely, ION’s MiniPIDs incorporate an ASIC chip, which continuously monitors lamp and sensor performance, providing fail-safe assurance of sensor performance. The ASIC also manages the sensor to give exceptional temperature stability from -40 to +65 ^oC.

In contrast with other PID manufacturers, ION designs, develops and manufactures 10.0, 10.6 and 11.7 eV lamps. This is crucially important for OEMs because it means that their measurement capabilities are not restricted to compounds with an ionization energy lower than 10.6 eV, for example. So, where OEMs require sensors for monitoring gases such as chlorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, formaldehyde, ethylene, and methanol; ION’s unique 11.7 eV gas sensor is the ideal solution. Equally, ION’s 10.0 eV sensor is ideal for toxic aromatic compounds such as benzene.

Choosing the Right Particulate Sensors

Dust and other forms of airborne particulates represent significant risks in the workplace; both as a combustion source and a breathing hazard. Consequently, the requirement for monitoring equipment is growing rapidly alongside tightening regulations. 

Responding to this growing demand, ION has added the NextPM sensor to its portfolio following recent independent testing by AQ-SPEC at South Coast AQMD in the USA. The NextPM sensors showed strong to very strong correlations for both PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 with reference instruments costing several hundred times the cost of the sensors. 

Thanks to its patented airflow control technology, Next-PM ensures years of maintenance-free measurements, even in highly polluted environments. The sensor also incorporates patented technology to prevent humidity effects, so these sensors are ideal for inclusion in instruments and systems that monitor industrial processes or air quality; both indoors and outdoors, even in harsh conditions.

Conclusion

The cost of designing ION’s VOC and particulate sensors into OEM instruments, processes, and systems is negligible in comparison with the potential costs and risks incurred by not specifying the best available technology.

The United Nations World Day for Safety and Health at Work took place on April 28, 2023, focusing international attention on the magnitude of the problem, highlighting how promoting and creating a health and safety culture can help reduce the number of work-related deaths and injuries. ION Science wholeheartedly supports this initiative, and believes that effective systems and risk reduction rely on accurate, reliable data.

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*All images courtesy of ION Science Ltd.