Painting & Coating Industry (PCI) logo Powder coating summit logo
  • Sign In
  • Create Account
  • Sign Out
  • My Account
  • NEWS
  • PRODUCTS
  • MATERIALS
  • TECHNOLOGIES
  • RESOURCES
  • EVENTS
  • DIRECTORIES
  • EMAGAZINE
  • CONTACT
  • SIGN UP!
cart
facebook twitter linkedin youtube
  • NEWS
  • Latest News
  • Market Trends & Reports
  • Price Alerts
  • Subscribe to eNewsletters
  • Global Top 10/ PCI 25
  • Weekly Featured Article
  • COATLE Word Game
  • PRODUCTS
  • Product News
  • Must See Products and Services
  • MATERIALS
  • Additives
  • Resins/Polymers
  • Pigments
  • Equipment
  • Distributors
  • TECHNOLOGIES
  • Adhesives
  • Architectural Coatings
  • FINISHING
  • Industrial Coatings
  • Nanotechnology
  • Powder Coatings
  • Solventborne
  • Special Purpose Coatings
  • Sustainability
  • UV Coatings
  • Waterborne
  • FINISHING
  • Finishing News
  • Finishing Technologies
  • Finishing Equipment
  • Finishing Today
  • RESOURCES
  • Columns
  • Blogs
  • Coatings Supplier Handbook
  • Podcasts and Videos
  • PCI Store
  • Classifieds
  • eBooks
  • Sponsor Insights
  • White Papers
  • COATLE Word Game
  • Columns
  • Ask Joe Powder
  • Did you know?
  • Distribution Dive
  • Focus on Canada
  • Formulating With Mike
  • Innovation Insights
  • Moody's Coatings Conundrums
  • Powder Coating Perspectives
  • Target the Market
  • TiO2 Insider
  • Blogs
  • Editor's Viewpoint
  • Industry Insights
  • Podcasts and Videos
  • COAT-IT! Podcast
  • Videos/PCI TV
  • EVENTS
  • Coatings Trends & Technologies Summit
  • Paint and Coatings Academy
  • Webinars
  • Calendar of Events
  • Lifetime Achievement Award
  • DIRECTORIES
  • Buyer's Guide
  • Equipment Directory
  • Materials Directory
  • EMAGAZINE
  • Current Issue
  • eMagazine Archive
  • China Issue Archive
  • Editorial Advisory Board
  • CONTACT
  • Contact Us
  • Advertise
  • Subscribe to eMagazine
  • Subscribe to eNewsletters
Painting & Coating Industry (PCI) logo Powder coating summit logo
search
cart
facebook twitter linkedin youtube
  • Sign In
  • Create Account
  • Sign Out
  • My Account
Painting & Coating Industry (PCI) logo Powder coating summit logo
  • NEWS
    • Latest News
    • Market Trends & Reports
    • Price Alerts
    • Subscribe to eNewsletters
    • Global Top 10/ PCI 25
    • Weekly Featured Article
    • COATLE Word Game
  • PRODUCTS
    • Product News
    • Must See Products and Services
  • MATERIALS
    • Additives
    • Resins/Polymers
    • Pigments
    • Equipment
    • Distributors
  • TECHNOLOGIES
    • Adhesives
    • Architectural Coatings
    • FINISHING
      • Finishing News
      • Finishing Technologies
      • Finishing Equipment
      • Finishing Today
    • Industrial Coatings
    • Nanotechnology
    • Powder Coatings
    • Solventborne
    • Special Purpose Coatings
    • Sustainability
    • UV Coatings
    • Waterborne
  • RESOURCES
    • Columns
      • Ask Joe Powder
      • Did you know?
      • Distribution Dive
      • Focus on Canada
      • Formulating With Mike
      • Innovation Insights
      • Moody's Coatings Conundrums
      • Powder Coating Perspectives
      • Target the Market
      • TiO2 Insider
    • Blogs
      • Editor's Viewpoint
      • Industry Insights
    • Coatings Supplier Handbook
    • Podcasts and Videos
      • COAT-IT! Podcast
      • Videos/PCI TV
    • PCI Store
    • Classifieds
    • eBooks
    • Sponsor Insights
    • White Papers
    • COATLE Word Game
  • EVENTS
    • Coatings Trends & Technologies Summit
    • Paint and Coatings Academy
    • Webinars
    • Calendar of Events
    • Lifetime Achievement Award
  • DIRECTORIES
    • Buyer's Guide
    • Equipment Directory
    • Materials Directory
  • EMAGAZINE
    • Current Issue
    • eMagazine Archive
    • China Issue Archive
    • Editorial Advisory Board
  • CONTACT
    • Contact Us
    • Advertise
    • Subscribe to eMagazine
    • Subscribe to eNewsletters
  • SIGN UP!
Paint and Coatings AdditivesArchitectural CoatingsSustainable

Citrate Esters as Coalescents for Acrylic Dispersions

By Elvin J. Servellon, Market Development Manager, Jungbunzlauer Inc., Rosemont IL
graphic representing the carbon footprint

ilyast, Creatas Video+, via Getty Images.

September 11, 2024

Coalescing agents play an important role in the water-based paint and coatings industry with applications in a variety of different segments such as construction, packaging, automotive, marine, electronics, and furniture.

The main function of a coalescent is to guarantee a uniform and optimal film formation for the desired mechanical performance and chemical resistance, as well as aesthetic values like gloss and haze effects. The coalescing agent softens the polymer of the binder. After the application of an aqueous coating onto a surface, the water evaporates, causing the binder particles to draw together. Here, the coalescent takes effect, giving rise to the formation of a homogeneous film. This complex interaction is influenced by various factors, in particular the nature of the binder.

A majority of standard coalescing agents are considered volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e. those substances are not retained in the dried film. The advantage of their use is an increase in the film hardness after evaporation. However, high volatility has become an undesired effect due to regulatory concerns. VOCs contribute to emissions, and, due to their toxicological profile, cause hazardous conditions for paint manufacturers and processors, as well as consumers.

Regulations have become more strict, and there is a clear trend towards low-VOC or even zero-VOC formulations. Therefore, non-volatile coalescing agents are increasingly considered as alternatives to enhance film formation.

In this study, the performance of CITROFOL® citrate esters as coalescing agents for clear coats for metal and wood applications, as well as an architectural paint formulation, was investigated and the results were compared to those of standard coalescing agents.

Comparison of properties of classical coalescing agents vs. citrate esters.
TABLE 1 » Comparison of properties of classical coalescing agents vs. citrate esters.

The citrate esters are non-VOC, bio-based, odorless, and label free, which is an advantage compared to conventional coalescing agents.

Volatility of different CITROFOL types
FIGURE 1 » Volatility of different CITROFOL types (left) and conventional coalescents (right).

No citrate esters showed weight loss over a period of 28 days, whereas the conventional coalescing agents EA1, EA2, and GE1 evaporated over time.

The study revealed that the citrate esters showed broad compatibility with different types of dispersions and applications (Table 2). For the clear coats the pendulum hardness (according to König DIN EN ISO 1522), adhesion (cross-cut according to DIN EN ISO 2409), and gloss (glossmeter in accordance with DIN EN ISO 2813:2015-02) were measured.

Results of application tests for Acronal Pro 760
TABLE 2 » Results of application tests for Acronal® Pro 760 and ALBERDINGK® AC 240

The results prove that citrate esters exhibited the same or even better properties compared to standard coalescing agents regarding all crucial processing requirements and end-product properties.

A standard, flat architectural paint formulation acted as the base, and the different coalescents were tested at a 2.4% addition rate.

In this test set up, wet scrub resistance (according to DIN EN ISO 11998:2006-10), drying behavior (according to DIN EN ISO 9117-5:2012), viscosity (plate-plate rheometer), as well as levelling and sagging (Leneta draw-down blade) were tested.

Summary of all application tests performed with the architectural paint formulation.
TABLE 3 » Summary of all application tests performed with the architectural paint formulation.

The deviations between the tested coalescing agents for the dried paint formulations were not significant. The values obtained for pendulum hardness and gloss were very low. This corresponds to the typical appearance of an interior, flat paint formulation.

In the case of wet-scrub resistance, the thickness loss after 200 scrubbing cycles varied between 3.1 μm and 3.6 μm for all samples, which is quite low. Therefore, all tested formulations fall into abrasion class 1 according to DIN EN 13300. These values show that no citrate esters have a negative impact on the wet-scrub resistance of the paint formulations.

In regards to drying behavior, the formulations with EA1, CITROFOL AI, and CITROFOL BII yielded identical results, which are quantified in degrees of drying as mentioned above. The degree of drying DS1 (dust dry) was reached after 15 minutes. DS4 was achieved after 30 minutes, and DS7 after 60 minutes. Very similar results were obtained for levelling and sagging, and for viscosity measurements, too.


Conclusion

Bio-degradable citrate esters have excellent toxicological and eco-toxicological profiles, and provide good versatility and compatibility with numerous polymers. They are characterized by highly efficient solvation, low migration, and non-VOC attributes. They are could be used for sensitive products like toys, medical devices, food packaging, pharmaceutical applications, and personal care. Moreover, all CITROFOL esters are vegan, kosher, halal, and non-GMO.

KEYWORDS: Automotive Coatings bio-based coatings coalescents esters Marine Coatings water-based paints

Share This Story

Looking for a reprint of this article?
From high-res PDFs to custom plaques, order your copy today!

Elvin J. Servellon, Market Development Manager, Jungbunzlauer Inc., Rosemont IL

Recommended Content

JOIN TODAY
to unlock your recommendations.

Already have an account? Sign In

  • pci1022-Kinaltek-Lead-1170.jpg

    A Novel Pigment Production Technology

    Following an extensive R&D program that demonstrated...
    Paint and Coating Pigments
    By: Jawad Haidar and Nitin Soni
  • pci global top 10

    2025 Global Top 10: Top Paint and Coatings Companies

    The following is PCI’s annual ranking of the top 10...
    Paint and Coating Market Reports
    By: Courtney Bassett
  • 2025 pci 25

    2025 PCI 25: Top Paint and Coatings Companies

    PCI's annual ranking of the top 25 North American paint...
    Global Top 10 and PCI 25
    By: Courtney Bassett
You must login or register in order to post a comment.

darinalorens darinalorens
October 29, 2024
Our clinic https://hearwellservices.com/ also places a strong emphasis on creating a welcoming environment, where patients feel heard and valued. By blending state-of-the-art hearing solutions with genuine care, our clinic is dedicated to helping clients achieve better hearing and a richer quality of life. As a trusted provider in the audiology field, our clinic combines technology, expertise, and personalized attention, striving to restore and improve hearing for people of all ages.

Report Abusive Comment

close

1 COMPLIMENTARY ARTICLE(S) LEFT

Loader

Already a Registered User? Sign in now.

Manage My Account
  • eMagazine
  • eNewsletter
  • Online Registration
  • Subscription Customer Service

The Coatings Minute: Your Inside Look at PCInnovations

The Coatings Minute: Your Inside Look at PCInnovations

The Coatings Minute: Print Returns with PCI’s New Showcase Issue

The Coatings Minute: Print Returns with PCI’s New Showcase Issue

The Coatings Minute: Your Guide to the 2025 Coatings Supplier Handbook

The Coatings Minute: Your Guide to the 2025 Coatings Supplier Handbook

CTT Registration Now Open

CTT Registration Now Open

More Videos

Sponsored Content

Sponsored Content is a special paid section where industry companies provide high quality, objective, non-commercial content around topics of interest to the PCI audience. All Sponsored Content is supplied by the advertising company and any opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not necessarily reflect the views of PCI or its parent company, BNP Media. Interested in participating in our Sponsored Content section? Contact your local rep!

close
  • Modern arapartment complex painted in bright colors.
    Sponsored byEPS - Engineered Polymer Solutions

    Architectural Polymers Leading the Way in Coatings Innovation

  • paint sprayer in a workshop
    Sponsored byallnex

    Enabling Performance and Compliance: allnex Introduces a New Line of VOC Exempt Solvent-Borne Resins

Popular Stories

BASF SE Logo

BASF Reportedly Eyes Exit from Coatings

No. 7 BASF Coatings

BASF Comments on Potential Sale of Coatings Business

No. 3 AkzoNobel

AkzoNobel’s $1.4B Divestment Signals Strategy Shift



PCI Buyers Guide

Submit a Request for Proposal (RFP) to suppliers of your choice with details on what you need with a click of a button

Start your RFP

Browse our Buyers Guide for manufacturers and distributors of all types of coatings products and much more!

Find Suppliers

Events

September 3, 2025

Coatings Trends & Technologies Summit

The Coatings Trends & Technologies (CTT) Summit is an annual conference for both liquid and powder coatings formulators and manufacturers to discuss innovations in coatings technology. This event combines high-quality technical presentations, a resource-rich exhibit hall, and dedicated networking opportunities to connect scientific minds, foster innovation, and cultivate game-changing new ideas!

January 1, 2030

Webinar Sponsorship Information

For webinar sponsorship information, visit www.bnpevents.com/webinars or email webinars@bnpmedia.com.

View All Submit An Event

Poll

Longest-running laboratory experiment

What is the longest-running laboratory experiment?
View Results Poll Archive

Products

CTT Summit Short Courses (Live 9/3/25)

Coatings Trends & Technologies Summit is expanding its offerings with four short courses. These short courses will offer an extensive day of interactive learning.

See More Products
pci voices from the top ebook

PCI CASE EBOOK

Related Articles

  • BASF Recognized as Technology Leader in Acrylic Dispersions by Behr Process Corp.

    See More
  • The Development of New SMA Esters as Pigment Dispersants for Waterborne Coatings and Inks

    See More
  • DistributorsServices-126217275.jpg

    Ingevity Appoints Maroon Group as Exclusive U.S. Distributor for Rosin Esters

    See More

Related Products

See More Products
  • intelligent.jpg

    Intelligent Coatings for Corrosion Control 1st Edition

  • Kevin-Biller-PC-BOOK.jpg

    Powder Coatings - Foundation for the Novice Formulator (ebook)

See More Products
×

Keep the info flowing with our eNewsletters!

Get the latest industry updates tailored your way.

JOIN TODAY!
  • RESOURCES
    • Advertise
    • Contact Us
    • Directories
    • Store
    • Want More
  • SIGN UP TODAY
    • Create Account
    • eMagazine
    • eNewsletters
    • Customer Service
    • Manage Preferences
  • SERVICES
    • Marketing Services
    • Reprints
    • Market Research
    • List Rental
    • Survey & Sample
  • STAY CONNECTED
    • LinkedIn
    • Facebook
    • Youtube
    • X (Twitter)
  • PRIVACY
    • PRIVACY POLICY
    • TERMS & CONDITIONS
    • DO NOT SELL MY PERSONAL INFORMATION
    • PRIVACY REQUEST
    • ACCESSIBILITY

Copyright ©2025. All Rights Reserved BNP Media.

Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing

Painting & Coating Industry (PCI) logo Powder coating summit logo
search
cart
facebook twitter linkedin youtube
  • Sign In
  • Create Account
  • Sign Out
  • My Account
Painting & Coating Industry (PCI) logo Powder coating summit logo
  • NEWS
    • Latest News
    • Market Trends & Reports
    • Price Alerts
    • Subscribe to eNewsletters
    • Global Top 10/ PCI 25
    • Weekly Featured Article
    • COATLE Word Game
  • PRODUCTS
    • Product News
    • Must See Products and Services
  • MATERIALS
    • Additives
    • Resins/Polymers
    • Pigments
    • Equipment
    • Distributors
  • TECHNOLOGIES
    • Adhesives
    • Architectural Coatings
    • FINISHING
      • Finishing News
      • Finishing Technologies
      • Finishing Equipment
      • Finishing Today
    • Industrial Coatings
    • Nanotechnology
    • Powder Coatings
    • Solventborne
    • Special Purpose Coatings
    • Sustainability
    • UV Coatings
    • Waterborne
  • RESOURCES
    • Columns
      • Ask Joe Powder
      • Did you know?
      • Distribution Dive
      • Focus on Canada
      • Formulating With Mike
      • Innovation Insights
      • Moody's Coatings Conundrums
      • Powder Coating Perspectives
      • Target the Market
      • TiO2 Insider
    • Blogs
      • Editor's Viewpoint
      • Industry Insights
    • Coatings Supplier Handbook
    • Podcasts and Videos
      • COAT-IT! Podcast
      • Videos/PCI TV
    • PCI Store
    • Classifieds
    • eBooks
    • Sponsor Insights
    • White Papers
    • COATLE Word Game
  • EVENTS
    • Coatings Trends & Technologies Summit
    • Paint and Coatings Academy
    • Webinars
    • Calendar of Events
    • Lifetime Achievement Award
  • DIRECTORIES
    • Buyer's Guide
    • Equipment Directory
    • Materials Directory
  • EMAGAZINE
    • Current Issue
    • eMagazine Archive
    • China Issue Archive
    • Editorial Advisory Board
  • CONTACT
    • Contact Us
    • Advertise
    • Subscribe to eMagazine
    • Subscribe to eNewsletters
  • SIGN UP!